also called them grammasi (that which is written)—often translated as “Scripture,” but better rendered uncapitalized, as “scripture.” In classical Rabbinic literature, the two most common terms for the Bible are miqra (literally “that which is read or recited aloud”) and Kitvei Hakodesh (The Holy Writings). Sometimes, the Rabbis referred to the Bible as “Torah, Nevi’im, Kethuvim” (the Torah, the Prophets, and the Writings). In the Middle Ages, perhaps in the late first millennium C.E., scribes shortened